Womens Day Quotes for March 8

If you thought that womens liberation has reached its zenith, think again. Though many women in progressive societies enjoy some liberty, several thousands of them are suppressed and tortured under the garb of morality. Gender discrimination exists at all levels. At the workplace, where gender inequalities are brushed under the carpet, women workers are often subjected to sexual objectification, harassment, and molestation. Women employees are discouraged from seeking higher positions in management as they are deemed as liabilities. Workplace surveys report that women receive lower wages than their male counterparts. A society that strangulates the woman that raises her voice will forever remain backward and regressive. New thoughts, ideas, and philosophy will fail to take root within the constricted walls of dominance. Perverted ideals and sexism are often the cause of womens subjugation. Help women fight their cause by recognizing them as human beings. Respect your women colleagues, friends, and family. Inspire women to take on the mantle of womens liberation. Womens Day Quotes Harriet Beecher Stowe: So much has been said and sung of beautiful young girls. Why dont somebody wake up to the beauty of old women?Brett Butler: I would like it if men had to partake in the same hormonal cycles to which were subjected monthly. Maybe thats why men declare war -- because they have a need to bleed on a regular basis.Katherine Hepburn: Sometimes I wonder if men and women really suit each other. Perhaps they should live next door and just visit now and then.Carolyn Kenmore: You have to have the kind of body that doesnt need a girdle in order to get to pose in one.Anita Wise: A lot of guys think the larger a womans breasts are, the less intelligent she is. I dont think it works like that. I think its the opposite. I think the larger a womans breasts are, the less intelligent the men become.Arnold Haultain: A woman can say more in a sigh than a man can say in a sermon.Ogden Nash: I have an idea that the phrase weaker sex was coined by some woman to disarm some man she was preparing to overwhelm.Oliver Goldsmith: They may talk of a comet, or a burning mountain, or some such bagatelle; but to me a modest woman, dressed out in all her finery, is the most tremendous object of the whole creation.Aristotle Onassis: If women didnt exist, all the money in the world would have no meaning.Gilda Radner: Id much rather be a woman than a man. Women can cry, they can wear cute clothes, and theyre the first to be rescued off sinking ships.George Eliot: A womans hopes are woven of sunbeams; a shadow annihilates them.Mignon McLaughlin: A woman asks little of love: only that she be able to feel like a heroine.Stanley Baldwin: I would rather trust a womans instinct than a mans reason.Simone de Beauvoir: One is not born a woman, one becomes one.Ian Fleming: A woman should be an illusion.Stephen Stills: There are three things men can do with women: love them, suffer for them, or turn them into literature.Germaine Greer: Women have very little idea of how much men hate t hem.William Shakespeare, As You Like It: Do you not know I am a woman? when I think, I must speak.Mignon McLaughlin: Women are never landlocked: theyre always mere minutes away from the briny deep of tears.Robert Brault: Through sources, we have obtained the following alien assessment of the human species: The male wants to be valued for what he pretends to be. The female wants to be overvalued for what she truly is.Voltaire: I hate women because they always know where things are.Hermione Gingold: Fighting is essentially a masculine idea; a womans weapon is her tongue.Joseph Conrad: Being a woman is a terribly difficult task, since it consists principally in dealing with men.Janis Joplin: Dont compromise yourself. You are all youve got.Martina Navratilova: I think the key is for women not to set any limits.Rosalyn Sussman: We still live in a world in which a significant fraction of people, including women, believe that a woman belongs and wants to belong exclusively in the home.Virg inia Woolf: As a woman I have no country. As a woman my country is the whole world.Mae West: When women go wrong, men go right after them.Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley: I do not wish women to have power over men; but over themselves.Gloria Steinem: I have yet to hear a man ask for advice on how to combine marriage and a career.

Piracy A Different Perspective Essay - 833 Words

Avast! Ye scurvy dog! This is the image usually conjured up when one is discussing piracy. At one point in time, this was correct - sailors roamed the seas freely pillaging merchant vessels. Now a days, Piracy has mainly slipped underground. Chances are, you may know a pirate personally without knowing the crimes they commit. For these crimes are not public, instead they are committed online. Filesharing is on the rise, much to the parent media corporations chagrin. Piracy is popular because of its ease of use, and widespread availability. The requirements are simple - If youve got a computer with an active internet connection, filesharing is possible. Pirates rely on a technology known as Bit torrent this software allows large†¦show more content†¦This blanket legislation covers all intellectual property owned by large media corporations - whether they be music files, movies, pictures, or books. Its clear - share copyrighted works without the owners consent and the government has the right to prosecute you to the fullest extent of the law. This includes up to 5 years in federal prison and a fine of $250,000 for a movie - Its stated before the opening scene of a movie on a screen put in place by the FBI. This raises suspicion, how much influence does the government have on the media, or how much control does the media have on the government? A recent 60 minutes episode put a bad spin on piracy. Big-time director Steven Soderbergh states that piracy is costing Hollywood $6 billion a year at the box office however he fails to mention the heavy profits Hollywood continues to make. Its apparent the media continues to make money when one realizes the volume of advertisements and media surrounding us nearly every day. Even with piracys vast subculture of filesharers, it fails to scratch the surface of Hollywoods grip on the collective wallet of the world. Loss is loss, and the corporations have the right to protect their assets, but intentionally skewing a supposedly nonbiased news program is simply wrong. The American public deserves the truth, and by not exposing both sides of the issue, 60 minutes has failed their duty to report the truth to the public. When oneShow MoreRelatedIn China, Why Piracy Is Here to stay1500 Words   |  6 PagesChina, Why Piracy Is Here To Stay Introduction: The focus of this article is to address about the digital piracy problem happening in China. The problem of Piracy exists ever since the birth of copyright law. Never the less most of the countries do have certain amount of digital piracy problem going on. Piracy cannot be easily controlled, hence comes the copyright laws and digital piracy law into action. Summary: China is largest and developed country in the world and where piracy prevails sinceRead MoreMedia Coverage On The Rise Of Digital Piracy1612 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch project was inspired by continuous media coverage on the rise of digital piracy in Australia, the creation of new legislation related to piracy, in addition to the losses of local film creators and the familiarity of digital piracy within my peers. As a result of my research, I discovered that digital piracy has become common in response to delayed releases and high prices exclusive to Australia, and piracy has severe economic consequences for the film industry. My outcome is in the formatRead MoreIs Poverty A Legitimate Excuse For Software Copying?930 Words   |  4 PagesIn this essay, the question – â€Å"Is poverty a legitimate excuse for software copying?† – will be answered using a dialectic method while also considering the perspective of a utilitarian’s philosophy in addition to deontological ethics. I, myself think that it’s fine to copy software. There is a vigorous debate about whether the concept of poverty is inherently relative to the society in which someone lives or whether there is an absolute definition of poverty away from any cultural context. In theRead MoreThe Ethical Issue Of Software Piracy1530 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction In this paper we are going to examine why personal morality is an oxymoron and how a moral system is analogous to a game. Then we are going to analyze how the ethical issue of software piracy is seen from the notion of common moral system according to Gert. Personal morality is an oxymoron So let’s first see why Gert believes that the notion of ‘personal morality† is an oxymoron. According to Gert, a moral system is public because everyone should know and be familiar with the rulesRead MoreThe Problem Of Global Networks1373 Words   |  6 Pagesholders, whose rights can thus be violated. Authors of an article ‘Isn’t it just a way to protect Walt Disney’s rights?’: Media user perspectives on copyright try to answer a lot of questions in relation to piracy and copyright in this chapter, mostly concentrating on users’ perceptions of it. Isn t it just a way to protect Walt Disney s rights? : Media user perspectives on copyright is a part of a New Media Society journal. An article was first published on 1st of May of 2015 by Lee Edwards, BethanyRead MoreThe Impact Of Piracy On The Internet Essay1720 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Piracy According to the Motion Pictures Association of America website, A pirate is anyone who sells, acquires, copies or distributes copyrighted materials without permission. Over the past ten years, technology has greatly advanced, and with these technological advances, digital file sharing easier than ever. One aspect of these advances is faster Internet connection, which has made it easier to download large files in the matter of minutes. Whereas in the past majorityRead MoreEthical Issue Of Digital Piracy Essay1616 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Issue of Digital Piracy in China I. Introduction Digital piracy, which also known as one type of the copyright infringement, is the activity of illegal copying selling digital materials, such as software, music, movies and e-book files. Based on a common sense of intellectual property protection, digital piracy has restricted the development of digital industry and harmed the benefits of intellectual property owner. Therefore, as the strengthened awareness of consumer and the enhanced regulationRead MoreBehind the Stop Online Piracy Act Bill (SOPA): Copyright, Censorhip, and Free Speech1539 Words   |  7 PagesBehind SOPA: Copyright, Censorship and Free speech At the beginning of 2012, a series of coordinated protests occurred online and offline against Stop Online Piracy Act Bill (SOPA) that expands U.S. law enforcement’s ability to combat online copyright infringement. As this protest involved many influential websites like Google and Wikipedia, it certainly draws national attention on SOPA. Whether censorship should be used online against online materials infringing property rights, as included inRead MoreDeviance and Internet Piracy769 Words   |  4 PagesDeviance? Defined as anything of violation of the norm. In the sociological perspective of functionalist, deviance is important for society to remain functional. For it contributes to the social order. Piracy is defined as an act of robbery or criminal violence at sea. The idea of categorizing the transgression of private rights in creative works as piracy predates statutory copyright law. The Sean Parker joined friend Shawn Fanning and started the file-sharing service Napster in 1999Read MoreIs Music Piracy Stealing?1229 Words   |  5 Pagesindustry makes around $43.9 billion dollars a year. $12.5 billion of that is lost each year due to Piracy in the music industry and 70% of online users find nothing wrong with online piracy (â€Å"Music’s Last Decade: Sales Cut in Half†). Is it wrong? Is music piracy stealing? This topic is said to have inspired Charles W. Moore to illustrate these points in his essay. Charles W. Moore writes the essay â€Å"Is Music Piracy Stealing?† and tries to answer his own question. Moore starts off by explaining that current

Trends in Cybercrime Free Essays

Introduction Cybercrime is nothing to new in this day and time; this has been a problem for many since the early onset of the 80’s. Although much seems to have been done to combat cybercrime over the years, criminals still have an advantage edge. With IT experts, companies see now just how important it is to involve law enforcement in the efforts to fight against computer crime. We will write a custom essay sample on Trends in Cybercrime or any similar topic only for you Order Now Computer cybercrime as we know it today is now used as potentially illegal activities. Many issues surrounding this kind of crime has maintain a significant profile mainly toward hacking, copyright and infringement, for the most part this type of computer crime can be placed in two different categories. Crimes that target computer networks or devices directly (i. e. malware-malicious code, denial of service attacks, and computer viruses); Richtel, M and S Robinson, 2002) and crimes facilitated by computer networks or devices, the primary target of which is independent of the computer network or device (i. e. cyber stalking, fraud and identity theft, an information warfare). Messmer, E 2002) According to the 2009 cybercrime forecast it was said that the global recession will lead to a rise of cybercrime worldwide, the attention to cybercrime was back than deflected toward more pressing economic problems,(Matthew Harwood, 2009) Describing a cybercrime trend that society is confronted with today within this paper will address the following key elements; the types of scams are associated with the cybercrime, are there certain profile that cybercriminal have who commits this type of cybercrime. Are law enforcement initiatives to combat this crime enough, the penalties for committing these crimes what are they. Trends in cyber-crime In today business world the economy and national security have become heavily dependent on the internet, and will continue to be adversely impacted by cybercrime. With the internet being vulnerable to malicious codes, the possibility for a money-making opportunity for cybercrime will continue to increase. When an opportunity for a profit to be made is available cybercrime will exist, cybercrime should not be allowed to intimidate our confidentiality and wealth. It is going to be important that we step up with more resources to protect the security of computer systems that include the internet. This most require sole responsibility from individuals and organizations. It will not be enough just for individuals and organizations to do their parts; with the help of the resource cooperation from the private sector industry and the resources from the government. It is necessary to lower the susceptibility of the internet, there is going to be a move with such strategies to be set forth in order for the national strategy to secure cyberspace and prevent cyber-attacks against our critical infrastructure. It is important that the national vulnerability to cyber-attacks have very little damage and enough time from cyber-attacks that will allow recovery time to be implemented. Should this not happen cybercrime havoc will continue on the economy with straight financial losses, production losses, and the stealing of identities and intellectual property. There can be an enormous risk to run of having a tragic failure of the weakening of our critical infrastructure; what’s good about all this is the technological resources that we have can meet the challenge along with a tremendous intellectual. Taking advantage of the leadership and being persistent with our efforts, the tables can be turn on cybercrime. Types of scams are associated with the cybercrime Using the internet is the most important thing of this day and times, without them we are lost, with many different types of cybercrime today we find that we are exposing ourselves to the many threats out there. The scams that are used today if not knowledgeable about computers or the in’s and out of the internet scam first hand it is going to be difficult to spot it right away, as you get to understanding many of the mechanisms that these schemes entails you will quickly see that the scammers are always the same, with some small differences occasionally. Many of the crimes usually are not bad as one might imagine. They are however common place, those that are very serious will carry a felony charge with it. Of the eight know cybercrimes I have listed I will give briefly what each one does mean. Spam with email spam laws being fairly new, the laws on the books regarding â€Å"unsolicited electronic communications† for years this one is most common of the types of cybercrime. Fraud again another common form of cybercrime, this would consist of credit card fraud. Certain computers viruses can log keystrokes on your keyboard and send them to hackers, what happens next comes with the using of your Social Security number, credit card numbers and your home address. Information of this kind is used by the hacker on for his or her purposes only. Cyber Bullying this form of cybercrime has been increasing with teenagers, simply look back at the cheerleader who got her mother involved in her problem with another young girl who trying out for the cheerleader squad, it is differently a growing problem with teens, in Europe and many of the States in the United States have rules to reprimand anyone who harass someone over the internet. Drug Trafficking one would ask how is it possible to enter act any type of drug dealing over the internet. Traffickers only use encoded email or password secure messaging boarding to handle up on any drug deal they are arranging. Cyberterrorism usually it takes a smart hacker that can break into a government website, but there are several forms of Cyberterrorism, for the most part it is a group of likeminded internet users that will crash a website by drowning it with traffic. Although it may appear to be harmless it is not, it is differently illegal. Piracy most talked about form of cybercrime, pilfering, stealing, yes copying music from music websites is illegal and it is a form of cybercrime. Assault by threat this one I believe we all should take very seriously, no one wants or like to be threaten in any fashion certainly to be in fear of your life or that of a family member or members safety, not just the safety of your family but what about that of your community, friends, employees, through the use of a computer network, such as e-mails videos, or even phones. What Might the prof How to cite Trends in Cybercrime, Papers

Pharynx And Tonsils Anatomy And Function Biology Essay Example For Students

Pharynx And Tonsils Anatomy And Function Biology Essay The portion of the digestive tubing which lies behind the rhinal pits, oral cavity, and voice box is called the Pharynx . It resembles an upside-down conelike tubing lined by a mucose membrane . Fig1.1: Laryngoscopic position of frontal portion of throat. Pit of the Pharynx extends to a length of about 12.5 centimeter. It is broad below the base of the skull and is really narrow at its terminal point in the gorge. It is posteriorly bound by loose areolate tissue to the cervical portion of the vertebral column. Its anterior portion is uncomplete, and is attached in turn to parts like mandible, lingua, hyoid bone and gristles. It is laterally bound to the styloid procedures and their several musculuss. The throat is in contact with assorted arterias, venas and nervousnesss. A sum of 7 pits open into the throat, viz. the nasal pits ( 2 ) , the tympanic pits ( 2 ) , esophagus, voice box and oral cavity. The throat is categorized into three chief parts viz. Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx . A A Outline1 Nasopharynx:2 Oropharynx:3 Laryngopharynx:4 Pharyngeal Muscles:5 Nervousnesss:6 Actions:7 Structural Features:8 Tonsils:9 Types A ; Features:10 Adenoid tonsils:11 2. Palatine tonsils:12 3. Linguistic tonsils:13 Mentions:14 Cancer OF THE PHARYNX15 Types16 Causes17 Symptoms18 CANCER OF TONSILS19 Types20 Causes21 Symptoms22 Mentions.23 GENETIC LEVEL UNDERSTANDING OF SMOKING INDUCED PHARYNGEAL CANCER24 Findingss:25 Mention:26 Findingss:27 Findingss:28 Mention29 Findingss:30 Mention.31 Findingss:32 Mention.33 Findingss:34 Mention:35 Findingss:36 Mention:37 Findingss:38 Mention:39 Findingss:40 Mention:41 Findingss:42 Mention:43 Findingss:44 Findingss:45 Mention:46 Findingss:47 Mention:48 Findingss:49 Mention:50 Findingss:51 Mention:52 Findingss: Nasopharynx: The Nasopharynx is the portion following the nose and is positioned higher than the soft roof of the mouth. At the forepart it is connected to the nasal cavities through the choanae. The audile tubing opens into the nasopharynx on its sidelong wall . The mucose membrane creases vertically to organize the salpingopharyngeal crease and a smaller crease called the salpingopalatine. There is depression behind the gap of the auditory tubing called the guttural deferral. The posterior wall contains a mass of lymphoid tissue called the guttural tonsil. Oropharynx: The Oropharynx is the portion of throat that lies between the soft roof of the mouth and the hyoid bone. The anterior portion of it opens into the oral cavity. The sidelong wall encloses the palatine tonsil placed between the two palatine arches . Laryngopharynx: The Laryngopharynx extends from the hyoid bone to the lower terminal of the cricoid gristle and from there is uninterrupted with the gorge. It forms the entryway of the voice box and the epiglottis is present at the base . Fig1.2: Laryngopharynx . Pharyngeal Muscles: The Pharyngeal musculuss ( Fig1.2 ) are categorized as follows Constrictor inferior. Stylopharyngeus. Constrictor medius. Salpingopharyngeus. Constrictor higher-up. Pharyngopalatinus.A The Constrictor inferior besides known as the Inferior constrictor is thickest constrictor musculus in the Pharynx. It originates sidewards of the thyroid gristle and cricoid gristle. These musculus fibers spread rearward and medially. The inferior musculus fibers are horizontal and are arranged in continuance with the round fibers of the esophagus.A A The Constrictor medius besides known as the Middle constrictor is smaller in size compared to the inferior constrictor and its form resembles a fan. It originates from the upper boundary line of the hyoid bone. The musculus fibers deviate from their beginning. The lower fibers slide down below the Constrictor inferior, the in-between fibers are arranged transversally, and the upper fibers rise to partially cover the Superior constrictor. Fig1.3. Muscles of the throat and cheek. The Constrictor higher-up besides known as Superior constrictor is pale and thin in contrast to the remainder. Its beginning includes the border of the pterygoid home base located medially, the alveolar procedure of the mandible and some fibers sidewards of the lingua. The spread amid the radical part of the skull and the musculus s upper boundary line is blocked by the guttural aponeurosis.A The Stylopharyngeus is a slender and long musculus that is cylindrical on the top and is flattened beneath. It originates from the base of the styloid procedure and so extends downward between the Superior constrictor and medius, and broadens below the mucose membrane. The Salpingopharyngeus originates from the lower portion of the auditory tubing near its gap. It extends downward and combines with the posterior fasciculus portion of the Pharyngopalatinus . Nervousnesss: The Constrictors and Salpingopharyngeus are enriched by nervousnesss from the guttural rete. Nerve subdivisions from the external laryngeal nervousnesss and besides the perennial nervousnesss connect the inferior constrictor. The Stylopharyngeus is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nervus . Actions: In the event of swallow, the throat moves upward and dilation occurs in different waies, to let the nutrient ingested into it from the oral cavity. The Stylopharyngei aid the upward and sidelong pulling of the throat therefore increasing its transverse diameter. Equally shortly as nutrient enters the throat, it slides down as a consequence of relaxation of the lift musculuss, and the Constrictor musculuss shrink upon the bolus, and let its motion bit by bit into the esophagus . A Structural Features: The coating of the throat includes beds of mucose, fibers, and musculuss. The hempen coat is present between the mucose and muscular beds. The thickness bit by bit reduces downward. A strong hempen set provides strength. The mucose bed is uninterrupted with the liner of the auditory tubings and besides with the mucose bed of the voice box, oral cavity and rhinal pits. Columnar ciliated epithelial tissue covers the nasopharynx. The unwritten and laryngeal parts are covered by graded squamous epithelial tissue. Racemose mucose secretory organs are present beneath the mucose membrane . Fig1.4. Pharyngeal muscles along with their blood vass and nervousnesss. Tonsils: The human organic structure has three lymphoepithelial constructions known as tonsils. There are of three types of tonsils viz. the adenoid tonsil, the linguistic tonsil and the palatine tonsil. The palatine tonsils are present at the dorsum of the pharynx. They are spheroidal in form and are of the size of an Prunus dulcis. Lingual tonsils on the other manus are present under the lingua. Adenoid tonsils are located upward on the rear wall at the dorsum of unwritten pit. The size of pharyngeal tonsils or guttural tonsils is outstanding during childhood but the size diminishes in maturity. The tonsils constitute a portion of the lymphatic system and are made up of lymphoid tissue. Tonsils attain their maximal size by pubescence and thenceforth there may be gradual wasting. A status called Tonsillitis may ensue in obstructor of the upper air passage, trouble in speech production and swallowing. The tonsils are hence removed by a process called tonsillectomy . Fig1.5 Tonsils Types A ; Features: Adenoid tonsils: When they are infected, they cause obstructor in the nasopharynx and cause redness and may even infect the eustachian tubing ensuing in farther infection of the in-between ear. Experimental Aircraft Association: Analysis of a Discourse Community EssayMention. Singh, B. , Wreesmann, B.V. , Pfister, D. , Poluri, A. , Shaha, R.A. , Kraus, D. , Shah, P.J. and Rao, P.H. ( 2002 ) . Chromosomal aberrances in patients with caput and cervix squamous cell carcinoma do non change based on badness of tobacco/alcohol exposure . BMC Genet. 3, 22. Findingss: mEH otherwise known as the microsomal signifier of epoxide hydrolase. It is associated with metamorphosis of exogenic xenobiotics compounds. It causes unwritten and pharyngeal malignant neoplastic disease. It is found in aerodigestive piece of land. It gets involved in the hydrolysis of the arene, olefine and the aliphatic epoxides from polycyclic aromatic compounds and aromatic compounds. It besides involves in the enzymatic hydrolysis of epoxides to trans-dihydrodiols. It has two polymorphism. One is the permutation of the C with T in the coding DNA 3 and the His is replaced with the Tyr in the 113 place of the amino acid. This polymorphism is known as show allelomorph. In the other polymorphism, the G is replaced by C in the coding DNA 4 and the residue His is replaced with Arg in the amino acerb place 139. This sort of polymorphism is known as fast allele HYL3. Tyr at the place 113 and the His in the place of 139 are the major amino acids in the Caucasic population. Mention. Lema, L.V. , Ravina, A.R. , Crespo, M.A. , Kelsey, K.T. , Loidi, L. and Dios, J.M. ( 2008 ) . Cyp1A1, mEH and GSTM1 polymorphisms and hazard of unwritten and pharyngeal malignant neoplastic disease: A Spanish case-control survey . Journal of Oncology. Volume 2008, Article ID 741310, 11 pages. Findingss: mEH is encoded by EPHX1 cistron. This cistron gets involved in metabolising carcinogens present in baccy. Genotypes of EPHX1 involved in high mEH activity were found to increase the hazard of smoking-related malignant neoplastic diseases of the unwritten pit, throat, and voice box. Polymorphism in EPHX1 cistron was found to be a familial determiner in smoking-induced malignant neoplastic diseases. Mention: Mironova, J.N. , Mitrunen, K. , Bouchadry, C. , Dayer, P. , Benhamou, S. and Hirvonen, A. ( 2000 ) . High-activity Microsomal epoxide hydrolase genotypes and the hazard of unwritten, pharynx and larynx malignant neoplastic disease , Cancer Research. 60, 534-536. Findingss: The frontline chemotherapeutic regimen for NPC was a combination of Cisplatin with 5-fluorouracil. A fresh derivate of gossypol called ApoG2 can assist kill nasopharyngeal carcinoma ( NPC ) cells by doing suppression of the antiapoptotic map of the Bcl-2 proteins. Mention: Hu, Z.Y. , Sun, J. , Zhu, X.F. , Yang, D. and Zeng, Y.X. ( 2009 ) . ApoG2 induces cell rhythm apprehension of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by stamp downing the c-Myc signaling tract . J Transl Med. 23, 7-74. Findingss: ZD6474 has an anti-proliferative consequence on the human nasopharyngeal carcinoma ( NPC. Mention: Xiao, X. , Wu, J. , Zhu, X. , Zhao, P. , Zhou, J. , Liu, Q.Q. , Zheng, L. , Zeng, M. , Liu, R. and Huang, W. ( 2007 ) . Induction of cell rhythm apprehension and programmed cell death in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by ZD6474, an inhibitor of VEGFR tyrosine kinase with extra activity against EGFR tyrosine kinase . Int J Cancer. 121 ( 9 ) :2095-2104. Findingss: 2-Chloroethyl-3-sarcosinamide-1-nitrosourea ( SarCNU ) was found to suppress human HK-1 proliferation and in vitro and in vivo suppression of CNE-2 nasopharyngeal carcinoma ( NPC ) . Mention: Nguyen, T.H. , Ong, C.K. , Wong, E. , Leong, C.T. , Panasci, L. and Huynh, H. ( 2005 ) . 2-Chloroethyl-3-sarcosinamide-1-nitrosourea ( SarCNU ) exhibits p53-dependent and -independent antiproliferative activity in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo . Int J Oncol. 27 ( 4 ) :1131-1140. Findingss: The polymorphism of CYP1A1 m1 involves a T-C permutation in the 3 noncoding part of the cistron therefore making a MspI limitation enzyme cleavage site. The polymorphism occurs due to an A to G permutation at nucleotide 4889 in exon 7 of the cistron. This farther leads to the permutation of isoleucine by valine at the amino acerb place 462 of the protein. This part is known to encode a CYP1A1 heme-binding sphere. The CYP1A1 M3 polymorphism, making a MspI site, is found merely in Africans Americans, so may non be of import in association survey. The polymorphism of CYP1A1 m4 involves C to A permutation ensuing in permutation of threonine by asparagine at 461 aminic acid of the protein. Mention: Roy, B. and Sikdar, N. ( 2003 ) . Polymorphisms in Drug-metabolizing Genes and Risk of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma . Int J Hum Genet. 3 ( 2 ) : 99-108. Findingss: Cytochrome P450 2A6 ( CYP2A6 ) is responsible for the metamorphosis of nicotine. Mention: Sellers, E.M. , Tyndale, R.F. and Leona C.F. ( 2003 ) . Decreasing smoking behavior and hazard through CYP2A6 suppression . Drug Discovery Today. 8 ( 11 ) , 487-493. Findingss: CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A6, and CYP1B1 are the chief isoforms of cytochrome P450 oxidising PAH and other xenobiotics. Polymorphism of these cistrons influences the activity of the enzyme and, severally, the activity of carcinogen. A important sum of CYP1A1 is found merely in tobacco users. CYP1A2 is expressed in liver tissue and is induced by the same xenobiotics as CYP1A1. CYP1A2 is necessary for metabolic activation of pro-carcinogen aryl aminoalkanes and heterocyclic aminoalkanes formed under thermic intervention of nutrient. CYP1B1 isoform oxidizes estrogens with the formation of 4-oxy-derivative, which can be easy converted to extremely active metabolite bring oning cell disfunction and perchance transmutation. The degree of CYP1B1 isoform is comparatively high in estrogen-dependent variety meats in adult females. The GST and NAT households are the most studied stage II cistrons. Mention: Zaridze, D.G. ( 2008 ) . Molecular Epidemiology of Cancer . Biochemistry ( Moscow ) . 73 ( 5 ) , 532-542. Findingss: In a tumour analytical survey the point mutant in the p53 was at codon 117 located in exon 2 of p21 cistron which resulted in an amino acerb permutation of Cys gt ; Tyr. Mention: Ibrahim, S.O. , Lillehaug, J.R. and Vasstrand, E.N. ( 2003 ) . Mutants of the cell rhythm regulative cistrons p16INK4A and p21WAF1 and the metastasis-inducing cistron S100A4 are infrequent and unrelated to p53 tumor suppresser cistron position and informations on endurance in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas . Anticancer Res. 23 ( 6C ) , 4593-600. Findingss: CpG island hypermethylation was found to demobilize the booster of CDKN2 that is responsible for the cryptography of a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p16INK4a. Mention: Temam, S. , Benard, J. , Dugas, C. , Trassard, M. , Gormally, E. , Soria, J.C. , Faivre, S. , Luboinski, B. , Maranda, P. , Hainaut, P. , Lenoir, G. , Mao, L. and Janot, F. ( 2005 ) . Molecular Detection of Early-Stage Laryngopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinomas . Clin Cancer Res. 11 ( 7 ) , 2547- 2551. Findingss: To interact with the cellular supermolecules such as Deoxyribonucleic acid, chemical carcinogens like tobacco-specific polycyclic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines every bit good as intoxicants require activation by stage I oxidative enzymes like cytochrome P450 ( CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2E1, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP2A6 ) . Mention: Ruwali, M. and Parmar, D. ( 2010 ) . Association of functionally of import polymorphisms in cytochrome P450s with squamous cell carcinoma of caput and cervix . Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 48, 651-655. Findingss: The NPCA2 cistron plays a function in changing the susceptibleness to nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Pharynx And Tonsils Anatomy And Function Biology Essay Example For Students

Pharynx And Tonsils Anatomy And Function Biology Essay The portion of the digestive tubing which lies behind the rhinal pits, oral cavity, and voice box is called the Pharynx . It resembles an upside-down conelike tubing lined by a mucose membrane . Fig1.1: Laryngoscopic position of frontal portion of throat. Pit of the Pharynx extends to a length of about 12.5 centimeter. It is broad below the base of the skull and is really narrow at its terminal point in the gorge. It is posteriorly bound by loose areolate tissue to the cervical portion of the vertebral column. Its anterior portion is uncomplete, and is attached in turn to parts like mandible, lingua, hyoid bone and gristles. It is laterally bound to the styloid procedures and their several musculuss. The throat is in contact with assorted arterias, venas and nervousnesss. A sum of 7 pits open into the throat, viz. the nasal pits ( 2 ) , the tympanic pits ( 2 ) , esophagus, voice box and oral cavity. The throat is categorized into three chief parts viz. Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx . A A Outline1 Nasopharynx:2 Oropharynx:3 Laryngopharynx:4 Pharyngeal Muscles:5 Nervousnesss:6 Actions:7 Structural Features:8 Tonsils:9 Types A ; Features:10 Adenoid tonsils:11 2. Palatine tonsils:12 3. Linguistic tonsils:13 Mentions:14 Cancer OF THE PHARYNX15 Types16 Causes17 Symptoms18 CANCER OF TONSILS19 Types20 Causes21 Symptoms22 Mentions.23 GENETIC LEVEL UNDERSTANDING OF SMOKING INDUCED PHARYNGEAL CANCER24 Findingss:25 Mention:26 Findingss:27 Findingss:28 Mention29 Findingss:30 Mention.31 Findingss:32 Mention.33 Findingss:34 Mention:35 Findingss:36 Mention:37 Findingss:38 Mention:39 Findingss:40 Mention:41 Findingss:42 Mention:43 Findingss:44 Findingss:45 Mention:46 Findingss:47 Mention:48 Findingss:49 Mention:50 Findingss:51 Mention:52 Findingss: Nasopharynx: The Nasopharynx is the portion following the nose and is positioned higher than the soft roof of the mouth. At the forepart it is connected to the nasal cavities through the choanae. The audile tubing opens into the nasopharynx on its sidelong wall . The mucose membrane creases vertically to organize the salpingopharyngeal crease and a smaller crease called the salpingopalatine. There is depression behind the gap of the auditory tubing called the guttural deferral. The posterior wall contains a mass of lymphoid tissue called the guttural tonsil. Oropharynx: The Oropharynx is the portion of throat that lies between the soft roof of the mouth and the hyoid bone. The anterior portion of it opens into the oral cavity. The sidelong wall encloses the palatine tonsil placed between the two palatine arches . Laryngopharynx: The Laryngopharynx extends from the hyoid bone to the lower terminal of the cricoid gristle and from there is uninterrupted with the gorge. It forms the entryway of the voice box and the epiglottis is present at the base . Fig1.2: Laryngopharynx . Pharyngeal Muscles: The Pharyngeal musculuss ( Fig1.2 ) are categorized as follows Constrictor inferior. Stylopharyngeus. Constrictor medius. Salpingopharyngeus. Constrictor higher-up. Pharyngopalatinus.A The Constrictor inferior besides known as the Inferior constrictor is thickest constrictor musculus in the Pharynx. It originates sidewards of the thyroid gristle and cricoid gristle. These musculus fibers spread rearward and medially. The inferior musculus fibers are horizontal and are arranged in continuance with the round fibers of the esophagus.A A The Constrictor medius besides known as the Middle constrictor is smaller in size compared to the inferior constrictor and its form resembles a fan. It originates from the upper boundary line of the hyoid bone. The musculus fibers deviate from their beginning. The lower fibers slide down below the Constrictor inferior, the in-between fibers are arranged transversally, and the upper fibers rise to partially cover the Superior constrictor. Fig1.3. Muscles of the throat and cheek. The Constrictor higher-up besides known as Superior constrictor is pale and thin in contrast to the remainder. Its beginning includes the border of the pterygoid home base located medially, the alveolar procedure of the mandible and some fibers sidewards of the lingua. The spread amid the radical part of the skull and the musculus s upper boundary line is blocked by the guttural aponeurosis.A The Stylopharyngeus is a slender and long musculus that is cylindrical on the top and is flattened beneath. It originates from the base of the styloid procedure and so extends downward between the Superior constrictor and medius, and broadens below the mucose membrane. The Salpingopharyngeus originates from the lower portion of the auditory tubing near its gap. It extends downward and combines with the posterior fasciculus portion of the Pharyngopalatinus . Nervousnesss: The Constrictors and Salpingopharyngeus are enriched by nervousnesss from the guttural rete. Nerve subdivisions from the external laryngeal nervousnesss and besides the perennial nervousnesss connect the inferior constrictor. The Stylopharyngeus is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nervus . Actions: In the event of swallow, the throat moves upward and dilation occurs in different waies, to let the nutrient ingested into it from the oral cavity. The Stylopharyngei aid the upward and sidelong pulling of the throat therefore increasing its transverse diameter. Equally shortly as nutrient enters the throat, it slides down as a consequence of relaxation of the lift musculuss, and the Constrictor musculuss shrink upon the bolus, and let its motion bit by bit into the esophagus . A Structural Features: The coating of the throat includes beds of mucose, fibers, and musculuss. The hempen coat is present between the mucose and muscular beds. The thickness bit by bit reduces downward. A strong hempen set provides strength. The mucose bed is uninterrupted with the liner of the auditory tubings and besides with the mucose bed of the voice box, oral cavity and rhinal pits. Columnar ciliated epithelial tissue covers the nasopharynx. The unwritten and laryngeal parts are covered by graded squamous epithelial tissue. Racemose mucose secretory organs are present beneath the mucose membrane . Fig1.4. Pharyngeal muscles along with their blood vass and nervousnesss. Tonsils: The human organic structure has three lymphoepithelial constructions known as tonsils. There are of three types of tonsils viz. the adenoid tonsil, the linguistic tonsil and the palatine tonsil. The palatine tonsils are present at the dorsum of the pharynx. They are spheroidal in form and are of the size of an Prunus dulcis. Lingual tonsils on the other manus are present under the lingua. Adenoid tonsils are located upward on the rear wall at the dorsum of unwritten pit. The size of pharyngeal tonsils or guttural tonsils is outstanding during childhood but the size diminishes in maturity. The tonsils constitute a portion of the lymphatic system and are made up of lymphoid tissue. Tonsils attain their maximal size by pubescence and thenceforth there may be gradual wasting. A status called Tonsillitis may ensue in obstructor of the upper air passage, trouble in speech production and swallowing. The tonsils are hence removed by a process called tonsillectomy . Fig1.5 Tonsils Types A ; Features: Adenoid tonsils: When they are infected, they cause obstructor in the nasopharynx and cause redness and may even infect the eustachian tubing ensuing in farther infection of the in-between ear. Experimental Aircraft Association: Analysis of a Discourse Community EssayMention. Singh, B. , Wreesmann, B.V. , Pfister, D. , Poluri, A. , Shaha, R.A. , Kraus, D. , Shah, P.J. and Rao, P.H. ( 2002 ) . Chromosomal aberrances in patients with caput and cervix squamous cell carcinoma do non change based on badness of tobacco/alcohol exposure . BMC Genet. 3, 22. Findingss: mEH otherwise known as the microsomal signifier of epoxide hydrolase. It is associated with metamorphosis of exogenic xenobiotics compounds. It causes unwritten and pharyngeal malignant neoplastic disease. It is found in aerodigestive piece of land. It gets involved in the hydrolysis of the arene, olefine and the aliphatic epoxides from polycyclic aromatic compounds and aromatic compounds. It besides involves in the enzymatic hydrolysis of epoxides to trans-dihydrodiols. It has two polymorphism. One is the permutation of the C with T in the coding DNA 3 and the His is replaced with the Tyr in the 113 place of the amino acid. This polymorphism is known as show allelomorph. In the other polymorphism, the G is replaced by C in the coding DNA 4 and the residue His is replaced with Arg in the amino acerb place 139. This sort of polymorphism is known as fast allele HYL3. Tyr at the place 113 and the His in the place of 139 are the major amino acids in the Caucasic population. Mention. Lema, L.V. , Ravina, A.R. , Crespo, M.A. , Kelsey, K.T. , Loidi, L. and Dios, J.M. ( 2008 ) . Cyp1A1, mEH and GSTM1 polymorphisms and hazard of unwritten and pharyngeal malignant neoplastic disease: A Spanish case-control survey . Journal of Oncology. Volume 2008, Article ID 741310, 11 pages. Findingss: mEH is encoded by EPHX1 cistron. This cistron gets involved in metabolising carcinogens present in baccy. Genotypes of EPHX1 involved in high mEH activity were found to increase the hazard of smoking-related malignant neoplastic diseases of the unwritten pit, throat, and voice box. Polymorphism in EPHX1 cistron was found to be a familial determiner in smoking-induced malignant neoplastic diseases. Mention: Mironova, J.N. , Mitrunen, K. , Bouchadry, C. , Dayer, P. , Benhamou, S. and Hirvonen, A. ( 2000 ) . High-activity Microsomal epoxide hydrolase genotypes and the hazard of unwritten, pharynx and larynx malignant neoplastic disease , Cancer Research. 60, 534-536. Findingss: The frontline chemotherapeutic regimen for NPC was a combination of Cisplatin with 5-fluorouracil. A fresh derivate of gossypol called ApoG2 can assist kill nasopharyngeal carcinoma ( NPC ) cells by doing suppression of the antiapoptotic map of the Bcl-2 proteins. Mention: Hu, Z.Y. , Sun, J. , Zhu, X.F. , Yang, D. and Zeng, Y.X. ( 2009 ) . ApoG2 induces cell rhythm apprehension of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by stamp downing the c-Myc signaling tract . J Transl Med. 23, 7-74. Findingss: ZD6474 has an anti-proliferative consequence on the human nasopharyngeal carcinoma ( NPC. Mention: Xiao, X. , Wu, J. , Zhu, X. , Zhao, P. , Zhou, J. , Liu, Q.Q. , Zheng, L. , Zeng, M. , Liu, R. and Huang, W. ( 2007 ) . Induction of cell rhythm apprehension and programmed cell death in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by ZD6474, an inhibitor of VEGFR tyrosine kinase with extra activity against EGFR tyrosine kinase . Int J Cancer. 121 ( 9 ) :2095-2104. Findingss: 2-Chloroethyl-3-sarcosinamide-1-nitrosourea ( SarCNU ) was found to suppress human HK-1 proliferation and in vitro and in vivo suppression of CNE-2 nasopharyngeal carcinoma ( NPC ) . Mention: Nguyen, T.H. , Ong, C.K. , Wong, E. , Leong, C.T. , Panasci, L. and Huynh, H. ( 2005 ) . 2-Chloroethyl-3-sarcosinamide-1-nitrosourea ( SarCNU ) exhibits p53-dependent and -independent antiproliferative activity in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo . Int J Oncol. 27 ( 4 ) :1131-1140. Findingss: The polymorphism of CYP1A1 m1 involves a T-C permutation in the 3 noncoding part of the cistron therefore making a MspI limitation enzyme cleavage site. The polymorphism occurs due to an A to G permutation at nucleotide 4889 in exon 7 of the cistron. This farther leads to the permutation of isoleucine by valine at the amino acerb place 462 of the protein. This part is known to encode a CYP1A1 heme-binding sphere. The CYP1A1 M3 polymorphism, making a MspI site, is found merely in Africans Americans, so may non be of import in association survey. The polymorphism of CYP1A1 m4 involves C to A permutation ensuing in permutation of threonine by asparagine at 461 aminic acid of the protein. Mention: Roy, B. and Sikdar, N. ( 2003 ) . Polymorphisms in Drug-metabolizing Genes and Risk of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma . Int J Hum Genet. 3 ( 2 ) : 99-108. Findingss: Cytochrome P450 2A6 ( CYP2A6 ) is responsible for the metamorphosis of nicotine. Mention: Sellers, E.M. , Tyndale, R.F. and Leona C.F. ( 2003 ) . Decreasing smoking behavior and hazard through CYP2A6 suppression . Drug Discovery Today. 8 ( 11 ) , 487-493. Findingss: CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A6, and CYP1B1 are the chief isoforms of cytochrome P450 oxidising PAH and other xenobiotics. Polymorphism of these cistrons influences the activity of the enzyme and, severally, the activity of carcinogen. A important sum of CYP1A1 is found merely in tobacco users. CYP1A2 is expressed in liver tissue and is induced by the same xenobiotics as CYP1A1. CYP1A2 is necessary for metabolic activation of pro-carcinogen aryl aminoalkanes and heterocyclic aminoalkanes formed under thermic intervention of nutrient. CYP1B1 isoform oxidizes estrogens with the formation of 4-oxy-derivative, which can be easy converted to extremely active metabolite bring oning cell disfunction and perchance transmutation. The degree of CYP1B1 isoform is comparatively high in estrogen-dependent variety meats in adult females. The GST and NAT households are the most studied stage II cistrons. Mention: Zaridze, D.G. ( 2008 ) . Molecular Epidemiology of Cancer . Biochemistry ( Moscow ) . 73 ( 5 ) , 532-542. Findingss: In a tumour analytical survey the point mutant in the p53 was at codon 117 located in exon 2 of p21 cistron which resulted in an amino acerb permutation of Cys gt ; Tyr. Mention: Ibrahim, S.O. , Lillehaug, J.R. and Vasstrand, E.N. ( 2003 ) . Mutants of the cell rhythm regulative cistrons p16INK4A and p21WAF1 and the metastasis-inducing cistron S100A4 are infrequent and unrelated to p53 tumor suppresser cistron position and informations on endurance in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas . Anticancer Res. 23 ( 6C ) , 4593-600. Findingss: CpG island hypermethylation was found to demobilize the booster of CDKN2 that is responsible for the cryptography of a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p16INK4a. Mention: Temam, S. , Benard, J. , Dugas, C. , Trassard, M. , Gormally, E. , Soria, J.C. , Faivre, S. , Luboinski, B. , Maranda, P. , Hainaut, P. , Lenoir, G. , Mao, L. and Janot, F. ( 2005 ) . Molecular Detection of Early-Stage Laryngopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinomas . Clin Cancer Res. 11 ( 7 ) , 2547- 2551. Findingss: To interact with the cellular supermolecules such as Deoxyribonucleic acid, chemical carcinogens like tobacco-specific polycyclic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines every bit good as intoxicants require activation by stage I oxidative enzymes like cytochrome P450 ( CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2E1, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP2A6 ) . Mention: Ruwali, M. and Parmar, D. ( 2010 ) . Association of functionally of import polymorphisms in cytochrome P450s with squamous cell carcinoma of caput and cervix . Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 48, 651-655. Findingss: The NPCA2 cistron plays a function in changing the susceptibleness to nasopharyngeal carcinoma.